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Orchestra Baobab is a Senegalese band established in 1970 as the house band of the Baobab Club in Dakar. Many of the band's original members had previously played with Star Band de Dakar in the 1960s. Directed by timbalero and vocalist Balla Sidibé, the group features saxophonists Issa Cissoko and Thierno Koité, two singers, two guitarists and a rhythm section with drums, congas and bass guitar. Since their formation, the band has predominantly played a mix of son cubano, Wolof music, and to a lesser extent Mande musical traditions.

Orchestra Baobab became one of the dominant African bands of the 1970s, recording 20 albums before their breakup in 1987, which occurred as a result of the increase in popularity of mbalax, a more contemporary genre of Senegalese music. In the years following their disbandment, World Circuit released several of their albums on CD, making the band very popular among world music fans in the UK and the rest of Europe. This prompted their reformation in 2001, which was followed by the recording of a new album, Specialist in All Styles. The group continues to tour extensively and has released two more studio albums, Made in Dakar (2007) and Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng (2017).

History[edit]

Early years: 1970-72[edit]

Many of the original members were veterans of the famous Star Band, whose alumni later included the Étoile de Dakar, El Hadji Faye and Youssou N’Dour. Star Band were the resident band of the upscale Dakar Miami Club. When the Baobab Club opened in Dakar in 1970, six musicians, led by saxophonist Baro N'Diaye, were lured from Star Band and the Orchestra Baobab was born. The club, in turn, is named for the baobab tree (Adansonia).

The original frontmen of the band were the Casamance singers Balla Sidibé and Rudy Gomis, who came from the melting pot of Casamance musical styles, and most famously Laye M'Boup, who provided vocals in the Wolofgriot style. His Wolof language lyrics and his soaring, nasal voice defined the sound of Baobab's early hits. Togolese guitarist and arranger Barthélémy Attisso was a law student in Dakar, and a self-taught musician, whose arpeggiated runs became instantly recognizable. With the saxophone of N'Diaye, this was the first core of the band. After touring Cameroon in 1971, N'Diaye was replaced by tenor saxophonist Issa Cissoko, who became leader of the band, and was joined by clarinettist Peter Udo.^[1] Both Cissoko and drummer Mountaga Koité were from Maninka griot families, from Mali and eastern Senegal, respectively. The group's lineup was rounded out by the slow groove Latin styles of Latfi Benjeloum (rhythm guitar), who came from a Moroccan family exiled to Saint-Louis, Senegal, and Charlie N'Diaye (bass) from Casamance.

The group's first recodings were released as Orchestre Saf Mounadem on a split album with Orchestre Laye Thiam, another band of ex-Star Band musicians. Attisso is credited as musical director, and singers Balla Sidibé and Medoune Diallo (who had stayed with the Star Band a bit longer than the others), along with Issa Cissoko are also credited on the cover. Like most of the recordings by Star Band, the album was produced by Ibrahim Kassé, and was later reissued in France under the title Star Band de Dakar Vol. 7.

Their first two albums under the name Orchestra Baobab, were recorded at the Baobab Club between 1970 and 1972, and self-produced by the band. Both bear the title Orchestre du Baobab.

Rise to fame: 1973-78[edit]

The band continued to tour throughout Africa, popularising their combination of Afro-Cuban music and Senegalese traditions. Unlike other bands from the country, they combined the Casamance harmonies and drumming from southern Senegal with melodies from Togo and Morocco to the Wolof tradition from northern Senegal. Traditional Wolof singing was provided by Laye M´Boup until his death in June 1975. He was replaced by Ndiouga Dieng, who stayed with the band until his own death in 2016. In 1974, an 18-year old singer joined the band on recommendation of M'Boup himself: Thione Seck, who later achieved great success as a solo artist when he left the band in 1979.^[2] His younger brother Mapenda Seck also provided vocals occasionally after the death of M'Boup. Most of the Spanish-language hits by the band were sung by Medoune Diallo, whose mother tongue was Fula.

With the independent Dakar-based label Buur Records, run by the owners of the Baobab Club, the group released five albums between 1975 and 1976: Bawobab 75, Guy Gu Rey Gi, Senegaal Sunugaal, Visage du Senegaal and Adduna jarul naawo.^[1]

Looking for success beyond the African continent, Orchestra Baobab went to Paris in 1978 to record new material with producer Abou Sylla. The resulting two LPs, On verra ça and Africa 78, although receiving great critical acclaim retrospectively, did not prove successful. The group lost money on the trip and returned to Senegal.^[3] They recorded two albums, released by Musicafrique: Ndeleng Ndeleng and Une nuit au Jandeer.

Club closure and new recordings: 1979-82[edit]

By the end of the 1970s, the band concluded its residency at the Baobab Club, which closed its doors in 1979. At this point, they were Senegal's biggest band, 'commanding fees of about $4,500 for a single show.'^[3] In the early 1980s, with the advent of the cassette, the group began releasing albums in this format. Their 1981 albums Mouhamadou Bamba and Sibou odia extended their success into the new decade, helped by their hit 'Autorail', composed by Medoune Diallo.^[4]

In 1982, they recorded enough material for several cassettes (Vol. 1: Senegambie, Vol. 2: Ngalam), as well as an LP, Ken dow werente. Among the songs recorded for these sessions was 'Utru horas', which was included in the various artists compilation Panorama du Senegal.

Decline and disbandment: 1983-87[edit]

As the 1980s progressed, competition from mbalax, a new funk-inspired genre spearheaded by Youssou N'Dour's Étoile de Dakar (and later his Super Étoile de Dakar), overwhelmed Orchestra Baobab. Although bandleader Balla Sidibé tried to make some changes in the mid-1980s by including two female singers in their lineup and getting Rudy Gomis back as lead singer, their popularity had been significantly reduced. Their 1986 cassette releases did not have the impact of previous albums and in 1987 the band effectively broke up.^[3] Many of the members formed or joined other groups, and Barthélémy Attisso returned to Togo to practice law and stopped playing his instrument.^[5]

European reissues: 1989-99[edit]

By the end of the 1980s, world music had become one of the newest trends in the European and American music industry, with albums such as Paul Simon's Graceland selling millions of copies. This prompted specialized music labels to seek African recordings and reissue them on CD. One of such labels, World Circuit, run from London by Nick Gold, released Orchestra Baobab's 1982 sessions in 1989 under the title Pirate's Choice, a reference to the many bootleg releases of such songs.

In 1992, World Circuit reissued the 1978 Paris sessions on one CD, and in 1993 Stern's Music, another London-based world music label, released Bamba, a compilation of the band's 1981 albums. In 1998, the band's debut album, along with several bonus tracks recorded between 1970 and 1971, were released in the Netherlands as N'Wolof. In 1999, the German label Popular African Music released Roots and Fruit, a compilation of the band's 1970s recordings.

Reunion: 2001-18[edit]

Orchestra Baobab live at KOKO, London, in October 2017. Left to right: Balla Sidibé (timbales), Abdoulaye Cissoko (kora), Issa Cissoko (tenor saxophone), Thierno Koité (alto saxophone).

Following the widespread critical acclaim received by the band's European releases, World Circuit persuaded the group to reform in 2001. Most of the original line up reunited to play London's Barbican Centre in May 2001. Afterwards, the band re-recorded many of their classic songs in state-of-the-art studios in London (Livingston Studios), Paris (Studio Davout) and Dakar (Studio Xippi). The resulting album, Specialist in All Styles, was released in 2002. It was produced by Youssou N'Dour a featured a guest appearance by Cuban singer Ibrahim Ferrer alongside N'Dour himself. Ferrer had been retired for decades before the 1996 recording of the Buena Vista Social Club album, organised and produced by Nick Gold. The release of the album was accompanied by a world tour, which included performances on TV such as their appearance on Later... with Jools Holland in October 2002.

Orchestra Baobab gained attention from American media in 2003 when musicians Trey Anastasio and Dave Matthews filmed a documentary named Trey and Dave go to Africa which aired on VH1.^[6] The two visited Senegal and performed with Orchestra Baobab during the program. The performed again together on the Late Show with David Letterman in May 2004. In July 2005, Orchestra Baobab performed at Live 8 in Johannesburg, a series of concerts to raise awareness and funds to end poverty.

In October 2007, Orchestra Baobab released the album Made in Dakar on World Circuit to critical acclaim.^[7] The album contains new recordings of some of their classic songs such as 'Pape Ndiaye' and 'Nijaay'.^[8]

In May 2009, Syllart released La Belle Époque, a compilation of the band's 1970s recordings, including several previously unreleased songs. The package included a biography by Radio France Internationale journalist Pierre René-Worms, focusing on the early years before the group split. CD 1 comprises recordings made at Club Baobab, Dakar, in 1971, 1973 and 1976, while CD 2 includes their 1978 Paris sessions.^[9] A second volume was released in 2011, featuring recordings made between 1973 and 1976.

Ten years on from their previous release, after the retirement of Attisso, the departure of Benjeloun and the death of Ndiouga Dieng in November 2016, Orchestra Baobab continue to tour and record new material.^[10] Dieng was replaced by his son, Alpha Dieng. Under Balla Sidibé's leadership, they released Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng on 31 March 2017.^[11] The album features Beninese guitarist René Sowatche as Attisso's replacement and, for the first time, the band incorporates a kora player, Abdoulaye Cissoko.^[12] There are also appearances of ex-member Thione Seck and popular singer Cheikh Lô. The album release was accompanied by a world tour with concerts in played in the UK, France and Norway.^[13]

Awards[edit]

After being separated for 15 years Orchestra Baobab reunited in 2001. The reunited group went on to win the award for best African artists and the critics' choice award at the 2003 BBC Radio 3 World Music Awards.^[14] The group won both awards for Specialist in All Styles, their first album since their split in 1987. In winning the Best African Artists award Orchestra Baobab beat the African musicians Kasse Mady Diabate and Tony Allen.

Discography[edit]

This list includes all the studio albums by Orchestra Baobab, with label information to identify the original issues.^[15][16] As usual in Africa, most cassettes were released with no label or catalog number.

• Orchestre Laye Thiam / Orchestre Saf Mounadem (1970, Ibrahim Kassé 3026)
• Orchestre du Baobab (1971, Baobab BAO 1)
• Orchestre du Baobab (1972, Baobab BAO 2)
• Orchestre Baobab '75' (1975, Buur BRLP 001)
• Guy Gu Rey Gi (1975, Buur BRLP 002)
• Senegaal sunugaal (1975, Buur BRLP 003)
• Visage du Senegal (1975, Buur BRLP 004)
• Aduna jarul naawoo (1976, Buur BRLP 005)
• N'Deleng N'Deleng (1977, Musicafrique MSCLP 001)
• Une nuit au Jandeer (1978, Musicafrique MSCLP 002)
• Baobab à Paris Vol. 1: On verra ça (1978, Ledoux ASL 7001)
• Baobab à Paris Vol. 2: Africa 78 (1978, Ledoux ASL 7002)
• Mohamadou Bamba (1981, Jambaar JM 5000)
• Sibou odia (1981, Jambaar JM 5004)
• Vol. 1: Senegambie (1982)
• Vol. 2: Ngalam (1982)
• Ken Dou Werente (1982, MCA 307)
• Vol. 3: Coumba Ndiaye (1986)
• Mame Diarra Bousso (1986)
• Yamdoulene (1986)
• Nouvelle formation (1986, Syllart SYL 83105)
• Specialist in All Styles (2002, World Circuit WCD 064)
• Made in Dakar (2007, World Circuit WCD 078)
• Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng (2017, World Circuit WCD 092)

Compilations[edit]

• Gouygui dou daanou (1979, Discafrique DARL 001) – reissue of 1978 Paris sessions
• Hommage à Laye M'Boup (1982, Bellot 3806)
• Pirates Choice (1989, World Circuit WCD 014) – reissue of 1982 sessions
• On verra ça: The 1978 Paris Sessions (1992, World Circuit WCD 027) – reissue of 1978 Paris sessions
• Bamba (1993, Stern's STCD 3003) – reissue of 1980-81 sessions
• N'Wolof (1998, Dakar Sound 014) – reissue of 1970-71 sessions
• Roots and Fruit (1999, Popular African Music 304)
• Pirates Choice (2001, World Circuit WCD 063) – double CD edition
• A Night at Club Baobab (2006, Oriki ORK 001)
• Classics Titles (2006, Cantos)
• La Belle Époque (2009, Syllart 361)
• La Belle Époque Vol. 2 (2011, Syllart 990)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Orchestra Baobab Made In Dakar Rar Files 2017

1. ^ ^abMazzoleni, Florent (2008). L'épopée de la musique africaine: rythmes d'Afrique atlantique (in French). Paris, France: Hors Collection. pp. 71–72.
2. ^Interview by Samy Ben Redjeb, January 29th, 2012 in Dakar. Liner notes of Senegal 70 - Sonic Gems & Previously Unreleased Recordings from the 70s (2015). p. 41.
3. ^ ^abcNickson, Chris. Orchestra Baobab Biography. AllMusic. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
4. ^'Médoune Diallo: 11/02/1949 - 10/02/2017. R.I.P.'Sterns Music Blog. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
5. ^Durán, Lucy. Orchestra BaobabArchived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine. World Music Central]
6. ^News Article on joint concert in Vermont. Archived November 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
7. ^Denselow, Robin (28 September 2007). 'Made In Dakar'. The Guardian. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
8. ^Klein, Joshua (18 June 2008). 'Orchestra Baobab: Made in Dakar Album Review'. Pitchfork. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
9. ^'Senegal - Orchestra Baobab'. RFI Musique. 2009-05-15. Archived from the original on 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
10. ^Desk, BWW News. 'Orchestra Baobab to Release New Album 'Tribute to Ndiouga Dieng,' 3/31'. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
11. ^'Orchestra Baobab is Back With New Song 'Foulo': Premiere'. Billboard. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
12. ^Hermes, Will (12 April 2017). 'Brilliant, Genre-Blurred African Pop Artists Thrive in Age of Xenophobia'. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
13. ^'Orchestra Baobab'. Songkick. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
14. ^'Senegal's stars scoop music awards'. BBC News. 12 February 2003. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
15. ^Toshiya Endo (18 May 2010). 'Discography of Orchestre Baobab'. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
16. ^'Discography of Orchestre Baobab'. Retrieved 22 February 2011.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orchestra Baobab.

• Official Page on their label World Circuit
• Orchestra Baobab discography at Discogs
• Photos from Orchestra Baobab & Super Rail Band; Live in Central Park, July 14, 2002.
• BBC Music: Essential Guide to World Music.
• Frank Bessem, “Musiques d'Afrique: Orchestre Baobab”
• Banning Eyre, National Geographic World Music Guide, from Global Rhythm Magazine, 9 November 2006.
• 'ORCHESTRA BAOBAB' (in French). Afrique Music. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2011.

Orchestra Baobab Made In Dakar Rar Files Download

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchestra_Baobab&oldid=970602584'

Star Band is a music group from Senegal that was the resident band of Dakar's Miami Club.^[1][2] They, along with the many off-shoots of the band, are responsible for many of the crucial developments in Senegalese popular music.^[3]They were formed in 1959 by the owner of the Miami Club, Ibra Kasse. As was typical in Africa at the time, Kasse owned the instruments and was the band leader of the Star Band although he only occasionally played piano. Each one of the band's twelve albums released in Senegal featured a photo of Kasse on the back cover stating that he was the band leader, composer and arranger.^[4]

Formed to celebrate Senegal's independence in 1960, Kasse recruited members of other band including Guinea-Jazz and Tropical Jazz. The band has hosted many of Senegal's most influential musicians, Youssou N'Dour being the most notable, and gave birth to several splinter groups including Le Super Star de Dakar, Orchestra Baobab, Star Number One who considered themselves to be the original Star Band, and Etoile de Dakar.^[5] Star Band singers Pape Seck and Laba Sosseh would later go on to sing with Africando.

Early History[edit]

Early members of the band included singer Amara Toure and saxophonist Mady Konate who were recruited from Tropical Jazz. They joined saxophonist Dexter Johnson, guitar-player Papa Diabate, bass-player Harisson, and trumpet-player Bob Armstrong who were from the then-defunct Guinea-Jazz. Other members included guitarist José Ramos, Mbousse Mbaye (maracas, guiro, vocals) and Lynx Tall (tumba, vocals). The vocalist Laba Sosseh would join soon afterward after requesting to be allowed to sing a song during one of the bands shows.^[6][7]

Splinter Bands[edit]

As Ibra Kasse ruled the band with an iron hand, members of the Star Band often got into disagreements with him.^[4] Through out the years, members of the Star Band would quit because they felt that Ibra Kasse was too much of a dictator as band leader.^[8]One of the first major defections was when the Nigerian saxophonist Dexter Johnson left the band along with singer Laba Sosseh in 1964 to form Le Super Star de Dakar.^[9]

In 1970, most of the younger members of the Star Band left to form Orchestra Baobab who were to serve as the house band for the newly opened Baobab club, a new club that was opened to compete with the Miami Club.^[4] After several years as a top band in Dakar, Orchestra Baobab would eventually reform for an international career.

Star Number One[edit]

Many members of the Star Band left Ibra Kasse's control following a fight on Jan 7, 1976.^[10] Members of the Star Band ran afoul of Ibra Kasse after the band agreed to appear, without consulting Kasse, at a memorial concert for Laye Mboup, a singer for Orchestra Baobab who was killed in a car crash the previous year.^[11] Many members including noted guitarist Yahya Fall left Ibra Kasse's Miami club, creating a musical cooperative where all members were paid equally.^[12] At first they called themselves Star Band Un to assert that they were the original Star Band but after Ibra Kasse got government officials to intervene the band chose the name Number One.^[13] They used variants of this name over the course of their ten year career.

They became one of Dakar's leading bands, eventually becoming the resident band of Dakar's Jandeer Nightclub.^[14] Over the course of 10 years together, Star Number One released at least nine LPs^[15] and in the late 1970's were considered to be rivals to Orchestra Baobab and the Star Band for the hottest band in Dakar.^[16]It is believed that they were the first Senegalese band to record in Paris and that they were the first Senegalese group with their own record label. Their success was so great that all of the singers drove their own Mercedes.^[17]

Consisting of up to 15 members, the band had 5 singers: the salsa singers Papa Seck and Maguette Ndiaye, Doudou Sow who sang the Mbalax songs, Pape Djiby Ba who sang ballads, and Mar Seck whose style was broad, signing traditional Wolof material along with Afro-Latin material.^[18] The group included Ali Penda N'Dioye, one of Senegal's best trumpet players, and the talented tama (percussion) player, Mamane Fall.^[19] Another notable member is the guitarist Yahya Fall who guitar work stood out for both his use of effects and his style which could approach acid rock and psychedelia.^[20][21] In 1978, the Star Band singer Mar Seck joined the band but later left to join Étoile de Dakar, returning to No. 1 de Dakar after Étoile de Dakar splintered.^[22] After Pape Seck and Maguette Ndiaye served short stints as the first two band leaders, Yahya Fall took over the role for the final nine years of the bands existence.^[23]

Final Defection[edit]

After the 1976 defections, Ibra Kasse was forced to hire several new musicians including the then 16 year-old Youssou N'Dour. However, by 1977, several of the members of the Star Band including Youssou N'Dour left to create their own band, Etoile de Dakar.^[24]

Discography of Star Number One[edit]

Studio albums^[25][26][edit]

Orchestra Baobab Tour

• No. 1, Vol. 2
• No. 1, Vol. 3
• No. 1, Vol. 4
• Star Number One, Maam Bamba, Disques Griot grlp 7601 also Disques M.A.G. 108
• Star Number One, Jangaake, Disques Griot grlp 7602 also Disques M.A.G, 106
• Orchestra Number One de Dakar, 78 Vol. 1, Discafrique, darl 16 (1978) also no label NO-001
• Orchestra Number One de Dakar, 78 Vol. 2, Discafrique, darl 17 (1978) also no label NO-002
• Number One du Senegal, Yoro-Kery Goro, no label 1156 A (1980)
• Number One du Senegal, Yoro-Kery Goro - Objectif 2000, Eddy'son Consortium Mondial 1156 (1980)
• Number One du Senegal, Jiko-Nafissatu Njaay, no label 1156 B (1980)
• Number One du Senegal, Jiko-Nafissatu Njaay/Worpe Sanawle, Eddy'son Consortium Mondial 1157 (unknown year)

Compilations[edit]

• 1996: No. 1 de No. 1, Dakar Sound, DKS 010
• 2000: No. 2 de No. 1, Dakar Sound, DKS 019
• 2004: no. III de number 1, Popular African Music, pam adc 307
• 2009: Star Number One de Dakar – La Belle Epoque, Syllart Productions, 000589

Orchestra Baobab Albums

Contributing artist[edit]

• 1994: 'Vampampero' and 'Guantanamera' on Latin Thing, Dakar Sound, DKS 003
• 1994: 'Mambay Fary' on Their Thing, Dakar Sound, DKS 004
• 1993: 'Noguini, Noguini' on 100% Pure/Double Concentré, Dakar Sound, DKS 006 & 007
• 2008: 'Suma Dom Ji' plus 4 more on African Pearls Senegal 70: Musical Effervescence, Discograph 6142032
• 2009: 'Kouye Wout' on African Pearls Senegal: Echo Musical, Discograph 6147482
• 2013: 'Sama Dialy' and 'Li Loumouye Nourou' on Mar Seck, Vagabonde, Teranga Beat, TBCD 018

References[edit]

1. ^'Youssou N'Dour'. GlobalVillageIdiot. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
2. ^Denselow, Robin (2007-09-28). 'Made in Dakar'. The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
3. ^Hudson, Mark, Sarr, Doudou, Hayward, Paul, and Duran, Lucy, Senegal & The Gambia: a tale of two countries, The Rough Guide to World Music: Africa & Middle East, Third Edition, Rough Guides Ltd., New York, 2006, p. 329, ISBN9781843535515
4. ^ ^abcHudson, Mark, essay in liner notes of 'Once Upon a Time in Senegal', Etoile de Dakar, Sterns Music 2010, p. 8
5. ^Jackson, Leon. 'Star Band de Dakar'. AMG. Macrovision Corporation. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
6. ^Gaye, Djibril Gaby, interview in liner notes of 'Live à l'Étoile', Dexter Johnson & Le Super Star de Dakar, Teranga Beat TBLP 019, 2014, p.4
7. ^Jaspers, Ted, liner notes Dexter Johnson & Super Star de Dakar, Serie Sangomar 1, Dakar Sound DKS 016, 1998
8. ^Gretz, Gunter, liner notes of no. III de number 1, Popular African Music, adc 307 (2004), p. 6
9. ^Gaye, Djibril Gaby, essay in liner notes of 'Live à l'Étoile', Dexter Johnson & Le Super Star de Dakar, Teranga Beat TBLP 019, 2014, p.7
10. ^Jaspers, Ted, liner notes of No. 2 de No. 1, Dakar Sound, DKS 019 (2000), p.3
11. ^Hudson, Mark, essay in liner notes of 'Once Upon a Time in Senegal', Etoile de Dakar, Sterns Music 2010, p. 8
12. ^Johnston, Alastair, http://www.muzikifan.com/africaframe.html in Senegal Part 2 review of No. 2 de No. 1
13. ^Gretz, Gunter, liner notes of no. III de number 1, Popular African Music, adc 307 (2004), p. 6
14. ^Jaspers, Ted, liner notes of 100% Pure Double Concentré, Dakar Sound, DKS 006 & 007 (1995), p. 4
15. ^Gretz, Gunter, liner notes of no. III de number 1, Popular African Music, adc 307 (2004), p. 8
16. ^Annas, Max & Busch, Annett, liner notes of no. III de number 1, Popular African Music, adc 307 (2004), p. 4
17. ^Jaspers, Ted, liner notes of 100% Pure Double Concentré, Dakar Sound, DKS 006 & 007 (1995), p. 4
18. ^Jaspers, Ted, liner notes of No. 2 de No. 1, Dakar Sound, DKS 019 (2000), p.3
19. ^Jaspers, Ted, liner notes of No. 1 de No. 1, Dakar Sound, DKS 010 (1996), p.2
20. ^Johnston, Alastair, http://www.muzikifan.com/africaframe.html in Senegal Part 2 review of no. III de number 1
21. ^Gretz, Gunter, liner notes of no. III de number 1, Popular African Music, adc 307 (2004), p. 6
22. ^Seck, Mar, interview in liner notes of Vagabonde, Mar Seck, Teranga Beat TBCD 018, 2013, p. 15
23. ^Gretz, Gunter, liner notes of no. III de number 1, Popular African Music, adc 307 (2004), p. 6
24. ^Hudson, Mark, essay in liner notes of 'Once Upon a Time in Senegal', Etoile de Dakar, Sterns Music 2010, p. 11
25. ^Gretz, Gunter, liner notes of no. III de number 1, Popular African Music, adc 307 (2004), p. 8
26. ^https://www.discogs.com/artist/1377650-Star-Number-One

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